A novel glycoside hydrolase 74 xyloglucanase CvGH74A is a virulence factor in Coniella vitis

Grape white rot is a destructive fungal disease occurring worldwide. Recently, Coniella vitis was identified as the predominant pathogen causing this disease in China. As the periderms of grape shoots are severely degraded by C. vitis, it was speculated that cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) might play a key role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the hydrolytic activity of the CWDEs of C. vitis. The results showed that xylanase (Xy) and xyloglucanase (XEG) had high levels of hydrolytic activity both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, a high-virulence fungal strain exhibited higher levels of Xy and XEG activities compared with a low-virulence strain. The genome of the fungus was found to harbor two XEG-coding genes CvGH74A and CvGH74B, which belonged to the glycoside hydrolase (GH)74 family. The expression level of CvGH74A was found to be high during pathogen infection. CvGH74A gene deletion mutants were generated using the split-marker method. The deletion of CvGH74A decreased both the hydrolytic activities of XEG and Xy and also the ability of the fungus to infect the grape leaves. No differences in the hyphal growth, morphology of colonies, or conidiation were found between the ΔCvGH74A mutant strains and the wild-type strain. Together, these results suggested that CvGH74A acted as an important virulence factor, and its enzymatic activity might regulate the virulence of the pathogen. This study was novel in reporting that GH74 XEG acted as a virulence factor in C. vitis.     

基施沼渣液替代化肥氮对葡萄产量及品质的影响

以氮元素含量为定量指标,设计1个全施化肥处理和5个基施沼渣液替代化肥氮处理,以期为大面积生产葡萄园基肥施用沼渣液技术的推广和应用提供一定的理论参考。研究结果表明,随着基施沼渣液替代化肥氮比例的增加,葡萄产量呈现先增加后下降的趋势,100%NZY处理产量最高,为18197.03 kg/hm ²;粒重和穗重呈现同样的变化趋势。随着基施沼渣液替代化肥氮比例的增加,萌芽至成熟天数、叶片SPAD值、新梢节间长、粗度、百叶鲜重及单叶面积等生长指标都呈现逐渐增加的趋势,其中以150%NZY处理最高,表现出成熟期延迟,贪青晚熟,从而影响产量。基施沼渣液替代化肥氮可改善葡萄果粒品质,以70%NZY和100%NZY处理较好。随着基施沼渣液替代化肥氮比例的增加,葡萄果粒重金属Cu、Zn和Pb含量均有所增加,Cr含量则有所下降,Cd和As含量无明显变化。各处理中葡萄果粒重金属含量均低于相应的污染物限量标准(GB 2762—2005)。因此,本研究认为,综合葡萄产量和品质指标,沼渣液替代100%化肥氮可作为葡萄园定量化基施沼渣液的参考。     

真鲷虹彩病毒自然感染杂交石斑鱼“褐龙斑”的组织病理分析

褐龙斑是雌性褐石斑鱼(Epinephelus bruneus)和雄性鞍带石斑鱼(E. lanceolatus)杂交产生的子代。作为杂交石斑鱼的新品种，国内外尚没有褐龙斑疾病的报道。2017年7月，某养殖场褐龙斑出现急性死亡，10 d内累积死亡率高达80%。现场调查发现，病鱼外观无明显异常，但反应迟钝，伏底死亡。临床检查和剖检可见脾和肾严重肿大、易碎。组织病理切片观察发现，各组织中存在数量不等的嗜碱性、细胞质均一、直径为10~15 µm的肿大细胞。超薄组织切片中发现，肿大细胞胞质内存在大量直径为130~150 nm的虹彩病毒样颗粒。使用特异性的PCR引物，从病鱼脾、头肾等组织中均检测到真鲷虹彩病毒(Red seabream iridovirus, RSIV)的高强度感染。测定了该病毒主要衣壳蛋白(Major capsid protein, MCP)基因1362 bp的全长编码区，构建了19种(株)虹彩病毒系统发育树，结果显示，该病毒属于虹彩病毒科肿大细胞病毒属RSIV类群。本研究首次描述了褐龙斑虹彩病毒病的组织病理特征，揭示了褐龙斑是RSIV新的敏感宿主，为杂交石斑鱼病毒病的诊断与防治提供了重要的参考依据。     

马奶子葡萄叶面积评估模型的建立

【目的】研究新疆南疆地区马奶子葡萄叶长、叶宽、叶长×叶宽及叶面积之间的关系,为田间快速估测葡萄叶面积提供方法。【方法】以南疆地区马奶子葡萄品种的叶片作为研究对象,测定叶片的叶长、叶宽、叶长×叶宽及叶面积值,分析不同指标和马奶子葡萄叶面积之间的关系。【结果】建立的叶面积估测的二元回归方程,是估测马奶子葡萄叶面积最佳的回归方程,估测的平均差异率仅为2.103%;建立的二元回归方程y₁=12.990x₁+2.501x₂-66.109为最优方程。【结论】马奶子葡萄叶片的叶长、叶宽、叶长×叶宽与叶面积均存在极显著相关,运用回归法估测马奶子葡萄叶面积,既不破坏树体,又具有简便易测、可靠性强、准确性高的优点。     

Over 40% of 450 registered wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) worldwide are composed of multiple biotypes

Many of 450 common wheat cultivars bred and registered during the twentieth century in 12 countries were proved, due to seed-by-seed analysis, to be composed of two or more biotypes differing in their alleles at the gliadin (Gli) loci. These multiple biotypes may be regarded as authentic progeny of the respective parent lines, as evidenced by the gliadin composition of the respective parents. Therefore, the official claim for each cultivar to be uniform is commonly not maintained in practice. The most frequent was a non-uniform cultivar composed of two biotypes differing at one Gli locus, but there were cultivars represented by a large set of related genotypes differing at several Gli loci. The proportion of the multi-biotype cultivars was never less than 15% for a country collection, exceeding 50% in other countries. This proportion differed significantly between neighbouring countries. In Australia, all multi-biotype cultivars were found in eastern states; in the state of Victoria, their frequency was statistically higher than in the rest of the country. The proportion of multi-biotype cultivars among newly-released cultivars decreased with time in Australia and the UK. Thus, the non-uniformity of registered cultivars represents a general and important phenomenon of common wheat as a crop.     

基于PLSR-BP复合模型的红壤有机质含量反演研究

对红壤地区土壤有机质进行快速预测,以满足智慧农业与精准施肥的需要。以江西省奉新县北部为研究区域,采用1 km×1 km标准格网划分研究区进行采样,共得到红壤样本248个。对土壤光谱进行了包含分数阶导数在内的3种数学变换方法,将经过P=0.01显著性检验的波段用于模型的构建,选用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和BP神经网络建立土壤有机质含量预测模型。结果表明:当对红壤光谱数据进行1.5阶导数变换后再使用PLSR-BP复合模型对土壤有机质含量进行预测时的结果为最优,训练集R~2=0.89,RMSE=4.68g·kg~(-1),验证集R~2=0.87,RMSE=5.55g·kg~(-1),RPD=2.75。1.5阶导数对红壤光谱数据的变换能够更好地突出与有机质相关的特征信息,有助于其含量预测。PLSR-BP复合模型预测精度优于单一模型,能够较好地预测红壤有机质含量,为精准农业快速监测红壤有机质含量提供了新的途径。     

“一带一路”沿线分区用水结构与产业结构的分析比较

“一带一路”沿线用水结构与产业结构的分析，对支撑沿线区域发展意义重大。基于“一带一路”主体水资源区分区及用水研究，采用赫芬达尔-赫希曼指数（HHI指数）分析了“一带一路”产业用水量和GDP的地理集中度，采取用水结构指数和产业结构指数分析了分区用水结构及产业结构的差异，应用洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数对“一带一路”全区用水量与GDP的匹配度进行研究，计算了“一带一路”分区基于数列的用水量与GDP匹配度。结果表明：① “一带一路”第一产业用水量和GDP产值的集中度在三大产业中均为最高，主要集中在东亚、西亚、南亚和东南亚；② 不同分区分产业用水量和GDP产值占各分区总量的比值，在空间分布差异上从大到小依次为第一、第三、第二产业；③ “一带一路”全区第三产业用水结构与GDP产值匹配度最差，南亚是第一产业和第三产业匹配度最差的分区。分析成果有助于系统了解“一带一路”区域用水和产业结构的基本情况，为深入分析分区水资源与经济社会关系提供指导。     

红枣质量安全追溯对策研究

新疆具有光照时间长、昼夜温差大、年降水量少等优良的自然条件,为红枣的生长提供了卓越的环境,促使新疆成为最优区域的红枣生产地。在中国加入WTO后,红枣生产和加工的经济价值收益可观,在世界贸易中占绝对的主导地位,使得红枣产业的发展突飞猛进,面积迅速增加,成为又一支柱性产业。但是近年来一些有关红枣表面残留农药、加工过程中食品添加剂使用过量等质量安全问题频频出现,为了解决红枣中存在的质量安全问题,并且使新疆的红枣产业能够更健康、安全、持续稳定的发展,做出了相应的分析并提出了解决措施。     

茶和天下语境下历史典故的重温与传播——以“以茶代酒”为例

中华茶文化历史源远流长,文化内容博大精深,是中国文化乃至世界文化重要的组成部分。然而,历史茶文化尤其是历史典故,大多需要重新解读,只有将历史与现实结合起来,有针对性且有说服力地赋予新的时代内涵,才能扩大其在世界范围的价值认同。基于此,本文以“以茶代酒”为例,将其置于茶和天下的语境下,在重温这一历史典故的基础上,从增加中华茶文化魅力,促进历史茶文化的传播的角度出发,分析探讨了以茶代酒的当代价值或中华茶文化核心价值的当代体现,并根据全球化与茶文化传播的需要,从增强自信性、构建“同型性”、抢占先机性、设计备选性等方面,提出了如何通过以茶代酒,推动中华茶文化核心价值实现的相关策略。     

无核白浓缩汁加工工艺

以无核白葡萄干为原料,对无核白浓缩汁的生产工艺进行研究,确定最佳的工艺条件。结果表明,料液比1∶3,复水温度50℃,复水时间4 h为无核白葡萄干最佳复水条件;酶解最佳工艺条件酶解时间60 min,pH值3,酶解温度40℃;旋转蒸发最佳条件温度80℃,浓缩无核白汁可溶性固形物为40 Brix。